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Full circle ringing
Full circle ringing is a method of ringing large bells where the bell is swung a complete circle from resting mouth uppermost around to mouth uppermost. Apart from portable mini rings, the bells range from a few hundredweight (100 kg) up to a few tons (4,000 kg) and are usually mounted in towers, most commonly associated with churches.
==Mechanics==
The bell is attached to a ''headstock'', historically made of wood but now more often steel. This has to withstand the dynamic force of the bell as it swings, up to three times its static weight. At each end of the headstock are trunnions or bearing pins which are located in bearings in the gudgeons attached to the frame. Modern bell frames are of steel, though wood was used in earlier times. The frame is rigidly attached to the fabric of the tower.
Within the bell is a rigid clapper which is constrained to swing to and fro. The clapper consists of a solid shaft, (wood, iron or steel) a clapper ball (wrought iron or steel) and a flight. The size of the flight determines the rate at which the clapper swings, and therefore the point at which it strikes the bell.
Bells are normally left mouth down. Before ringing the bells are swung in increasing arcs until the bell is brought to rest with the mouth uppermost. When the ringer desires to make a stroke the bell is swung around a full circle, the clapper striking once.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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